Podophyllotoxin 4-O-glucoside is a natural product of Dysosma, Berberidaceae. Podophyllotoxin 4-O-glucoside can be used as a reference standard.

2-heptyl-3-hydroxy-4(1H)-Quinolone (Pseudomonas Quinolone Signal) is a quorum-sensing signalling molecule produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in response to increased cell density. It increases the expression of the lasB gene in P. aeruginosa, the secretion of the metabolites pyocyanin and the lectin PA-IL, as well as increasing biofilm production in P. aeruginosa populations. It also reduces the iron content of the P. aeruginosa growth medium when used at a concentration of 40 μM and acts as an iron chelator in iron sulphate solutions.

D-组氨酸是L-组氨酸的对映体。 L-组氨酸是线粒体谷氨酰胺转运的抑制剂，也是婴儿的必需氨基酸。