H-Ala-Ala-OH (L-Alanyl-L-alanine; Ala-Ala) is a nonpolar dipeptide that is absorbed by human intestinal Caco-2 cells. The transport of alanine (Ala), like proton/amino acid symport, can lead to cytoplasmic acidification.

1-methyl-4-quinolone

Urocortin III, mouse TFA is a corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)-related peptide. Urocortin III preferentially binds and activates CRF-R2. Urocortin III (Ucn3) is a known component of the behavioral stress response system. Urocortin III and CRF-R2 in the medial amygdala regulate complex social dynamics.