CU-CPT9b 是 Toll 样受体 8 (TLR8；Kd = 21 nM) 的拮抗剂。它抑制 TLR8 激动剂 R-848 在 TLR8 过表达 HEK-Blue 细胞中诱导的 NF-?B 激活，IC50 值为 0.7 nM。

Rabeximod is a potent immunomodulator that reduces the severity of autoimmune diseases in rat models. Rabeximod inhibits arthritis in a time-dependent manner by stimulating TLR2 and TLR4 downstream to block the activation of inflammatory cells, most likely macrophages. Rabeximod effectively reduces brain antigen presentation in mice during anti-inflammatory therapy for traumatic brain injury.

Pam3CSK4 is a synthetic triacylated lipopeptide (LP) that mimics the acylated amino terminus of bacterial LPs.