Trans-Petroselinic acid, the trans isomer of petroselinic acid and an isomer of oleic acid, is detected in the milk fat of cows, goats, and ewes, as well as human breast milk. In HepG2 cells, when treated with trans-petroselinic acid (100 μM), there is an increase in the cellular content of triacylglycerols and cholesterol esters. Additionally, it upregulates the transcription of genes associated with fatty acid synthesis (SREBP-1c, ACACA, FASN, SCD1) and cholesterol synthesis (HMGCR, HMGCS1, FDFT1, SREBP-2).

磷酰胆碱是一种抗原细胞表面成分，存在于上呼吸道中的许多共生细菌和致病细菌中。

Auxinole 是 TIR1/AFB 受体的有效生长素拮抗剂，与 TIR1 结合以阻断 TIR1-IAA-Aux/IAA 复合物的形成。它抑制生长素反应基因的表达。