HIF-1 alpha (556-574) is a hypoxia-inducible factor-1 19-mer fragment. HIF-1 functions as master regulator of response to oxygen homeostasis. Hypoxia-induced gene expression is initiated when HIF-1subunit is stabilized in response to a lack of oxygen. This part of HIF-1 binds to the von Hippel-Lindau factor (VHL) an E3 ubiquitin ligase, and the proline 564 is absolutely vital to the binding process.

卡唑色素是一种抗出血剂或止血剂，可通过引起血液中血小板聚集和粘附形成血小板栓来停止血流，从而阻止开放性伤口的血流。

Kaempferol-3-O-α±-D-arabinoside displays cytotoxic and high antioxidant activity.